Ropes and Knots. - ppt video online download

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9 Objectives Describe the differences between life safety rope and utility rope. List the three most common synthetic fiber ropes used for fire department operations. Describe the construction of a kernmantle rope. Describe how to use rope to support response activities. Describe how to clean and check ropes, and record rope maintenance. List the reasons for placing a life safety rope out of service. Describe the knot types and their usage in the fire service. Describe how to tie safety, half hitch, clove hitch, figure eight, figure eight on a bight, figure eight with a follow-through, bowline, and sheet bend or Becket bend knots. Describe the types of knots to use for given tools, ropes, or situations. Describe hoisting methods for tools and equipment.
9. Introduction. Ropes are widely used in the fire service. May be your only means for rescue. Ropes and knots are an important part of training. A fire fighter must be able to tie simple knots accurately and without hesitation.
9. Types of Rope. Two primary types of rope are life safety and utility. Life safety. Used solely for supporting people. Must be used anytime a person is supported whether in training or in an actual emergency. Utility. Used in most cases when it is NOT necessary to support a person, such as hoisting or lowering tools.
9. Life Safety Rope. Never used as utility rope. Must be used when supporting the weight of one or more persons. NFPA 1983 specifies design, construction, and performance criteria. Types. One-person rope has a weight limit of 300 lb. Two-person rope has a total weight limit of 600 lb.
9. Personal Escape Rope. Used only for self-rescue in an extreme situation. Designed for the weight of one person only. Its purpose is to provide fire fighters with an escape method in a life-threatening emergency. Should be replaced after one use. Always have an escape route and use the rope only as a last resort.
9. Utility Rope. Is not used to support the weight of a person. Used for hoisting, lowering, and securing tools and equipment. Requires regular inspection. Must not be used where life safety rope needed. Do not use life safety rope as a utility rope. Tagging recommended for easy identification.
9. Rope Materials. Ropes can be made of many types of materials. Earliest ropes were made from natural vines woven together. Now ropes are made of synthetic material. Different materials are used for different situations.
9. Natural Fiber Ropes. Natural fiber ropes were often made of manila. Fibers woven together. Various lengths twisted together for strands. Current use for utility, not life safety tasks. Disadvantages. Subject to mildew and deterioration. May absorb 50% of their weight in water. Very difficult to dry.
Synthetic fibers have been used for ropes ever since. Types. Nylon. Polyester. Polypropylene. Polyethylene.
9. Advantages of Synthetic Fiber Rope. Stronger than natural fibers. Use fibers that run the entire length of the rope for greater safety and strength. More resistant to rotting and mildew. More resistant to melting and burning. Less absorbent and can be washed and dried. Some will float on water.
9. Disadvantages of Synthetic Fiber Rope. Prolonged exposure to ultraviolet light, strong acids, or alkalis can damage the rope. Highly susceptible to abrasions and cutting.
9. Synthetic Rope and Life Safety. Life safety rope is always synthetic. NFPA 1983 specifies: Continuous filament, virgin fiber. Block creel construction: no knots or splices. Fiber comparison. Nylon is most common. Polyester is second most common. Polypropylene is lightest; good for water rescue, but not for life safety.
9. Rope Construction. There are several types of rope construction. The best choice depends on specific application.
9. Twisted Rope Construction. Also called laid ropes. Made of individual fibers twisted into strands. Strands are twisted to make the rope. Both natural and synthetic fibers can be twisted. Exposes all fibers to abrasion. Twisted ropes stretch and are prone to unraveling.
9. Braided Rope Construction. Strands are woven like hair braiding. Exposes all of the strands to abrasion. Synthetic fibers are most commonly used. Fibers stretch but not prone to twisting. Double-braiding can protect inner core.
9. Kernmantle Rope Construction. Consists of two parts: the kern and the mantle. Kern is the center core and provides 70% of rope’s strength. Mantle is the sheath-like braided covering that protects kern from dirt and abrasion. Kern and mantle are synthetic but may be different materials. Each fiber in the kern extends the entire length of the rope. Provides a very strong and flexible rope that is thin and lightweight. Well-suited for rescue work.
9. Dynamic and Static Rope Construction. Dynamic. Designed to be elastic and stretches under load. Usually used by mountain climbers. Static. Will not stretch under load. More suitable for rescue situations. Difference due to the fibers used and the construction method. Many rope rescue teams carry both.
9. Dynamic and Static Kernmantle Rope. Dynamic is constructed with overlapping or woven fibers in the core; when loaded, the fibers pull tighter, giving elasticity. Static is constructed with all fibers parallel to each other, little elasticity, and limited elongation when loaded.
Minimum breaking strength based on loading of 300 lb person with safety factor of 15:1. Safety factor allows for knots, twists, abrasions, and other causes. Also considers shock loading. A personal escape rope is designed for a 300 lb person with a safety factor of 10:1.
9. Technical Rescue. Ropes often used to access and extricate individuals. Several hardware components may also be needed. Carabiner secures and connects lines.
Ladder belt harness secures fire fighter to a ladder. Seat harness supports fire fighter during rescues. Chest harness supports fire fighter on life safety rope. Harnesses must be cleaned and inspected regularly. Class II harness (seat) Class III harness (chest)
Rescuers often have to lower themselves using anchors, webbing, ropes, and carabiners. Person may have to be lowered or raised to safety. Extreme cases could even involve using a helicopter.
A secondary rope is used as a belay (safety) on the rescuer. Additional lines may be needed for the trapped individual.
9. Trench Rescues. Often are complicated and require a number of skills. Shoring. Air quality monitoring. Confined space operations. Ropes. Ropes are often used to remove the trapped person.
Often difficult to extricate victim due to poor ventilation and limited entry/exit. Often very complex.
9. Water Rescue. The simplest situation may involve using a throw bag. More complex situations may require ropes across the stream with a boat tethered to it and maneuvered by ropes and pulleys.
9. Rope Maintenance. All ropes require proper care. Maintenance is essential for life safety rope. Four parts to maintenance: Care. Clean. Inspect. Store.
9. Care. Protect from sharp and abrasive surfaces. Protect from heat, chemicals, and flame. Protect from rubbing against another rope. Avoid prolonged sunlight exposure. Never step on a rope. Follow manufacturer’s care guidelines.
Use a rope washer with a garden hose. May be able to use a mesh bag in a front-loading washer. Use a mild detergent and NO bleach. Do not pack or store wet or damp. Air dry but not in direct sunlight. Do not use a mechanical dryer.
Inspect visually looking for cuts and damage as you run it through your fingers. Life safety rope that can no longer be used must be destroyed. Sometimes, can be downgraded to utility rope if clearly marked. Maintain record for life safety rope.
Keep away from fumes of gasoline, oils, and hydraulic fluids. Use a separate apparatus compartment away from fuels. Do not place any heavy objects on the rope. Use rope bags to protect and store the rope. If shock loaded, inspect and consider removing from service.
Knots are used for multiple purposes including hitches, loops, bends, and safety. Knots in rope reduce rope load-carrying capability by certain percentages.
9. Knot Terminology (1 of 2) Working end. Used in forming knots. Running end. Used in lifting or hoisting. Standing part. Between the working and the running end.
Reverse direction to form U bend. Loop. Makes a circle in the rope. Round turn. Makes a loop with parallel ends.
9. Eight Basic Fire Service Knots. Safety knot (overhand knot) Half hitch. Clove hitch. Figure eight. Figure eight on a bight. Figure eight with a follow-through. Bowline. Sheet bend or Becket bend.
Secures the leftover working end to standing part. Guards against loosening or untying. Always used to finish other knots. Tied as an overhand knot in the loose end around the standing part. Secures loose end to prevent slippage.
9. Hitches. Wrap around an object. Used to secure working end to a solid object or to tie a rope to an object before hoisting it.
9. Half Hitch. Not intrinsically secure; used with other knots. Used to align object handles with rope.
9. Clove Hitch. Attaches rope to a round object. Attaches hoisting rope around an object. Attaches anywhere in rope. Can be tied open or around an object.
9. Loop Knots. Used to form a loop in the end of a rope. Loops may be used for hoisting tools, securing a person, or for identifying the end of a stored rope. Will not slip easily but are easy to untie. Includes. Figure eight family of knots. Bowline.
9. Figure Eight. Basic knot used to produce a family of other knots. Seldom used alone.
9. Figure Eight on a Bight. Creates a loop at the working end of a rope. Used to attach rope to a fixed object or around a person. Loop may be any size in diameter.
9. Figure Eight with a Follow-Through. Used when the working end must be wrapped around an object or passed through an opening. Also used to tie two ropes together.
Designed for tying to objects, not people.
9. Sheet Bend or Becket Bend. Used to join two ropes together. Can join two ropes of unequal size. Can join rope to a chain.
9. Methods of Knot Tying. Find a method and use it all the time. Your department may require a specific method. You should be able to tie knots while wearing gloves, in the dark, and behind your back.
Makes for easy inspection. Always secure loose ends with safety knot to avoid accidental release of primary knot.
9. Knot Tying Practice. Skills can be quickly lost without practice. Consider practicing while on the telephone or watching TV.
Coworkers must be able to quickly remove the object. When lowering, be sure no one is under the object.
Use a figure eight or a clove hitch on the head. Use half hitches along the handle. Keep the handle parallel to the rope.
Half hitches keep the handle parallel to the rope. Secure the pole with second clove hitch. Leave length for a tag line.
Attach a tag line for control. Retract hooks on all roof ladders. Tie a figure eight on a bight for a secure hoist and easy release.
9. Hoisting a Charged Hose Line. It is preferable to hoist a dry hose line. Water weight makes hoisting difficult. Secure the nozzle in a closed position. Secure with clove hitch, half hitch, and safety. For easy release: remove tension, and slip the bight over the nozzle.
9. Hoisting an Uncharged Hose Line. Fold the hose back on itself, with the nozzle on top. Hoist the hose with the fold at the top and the nozzle pointing down. Uses a half hitch at the fold and a clove hitch at the nozzle. To avoid weight drag, pull up sufficient hose before release.
9. Hoisting an Exhaust Fan or Power Tool. Use the same technique as for tools with strong, closed handles. Secure handles with a figure eight with a follow-through, and use half hitches for balance. Hoist power saws level to avoid leaks.
You should be able to hoist tools automatically and in adverse conditions. Always use utility rope for hoisting tools and equipment.
Two primary types of fire service rope: Life safety. Utility. Ropes are made from many types of materials. There are several types of rope construction. Life safety rope is designed to carry a specific amount of weight. Ropes are often used in technical rescue incidents. All ropes require proper care. Knots are used to fasten rope to objects or each other. Fire fighters must know how to raise and lower tools and equipment using ropes and knots.